4.6.   INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED

4.6.1    RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

130.      A total of 738 international personnel were employed in 2002 by 103 out of 147 programs/projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors and by 59 out of 77 NGOs that have provided data in response to the CBP Survey (Table 27). It is notable that a total of 62 out of 224 projects/programs (28 per cent) reported not having any international staff (see table 29).

131.      Of the 738 international personnel employed:

  • 235 or 31.8 percent were employed by NGOs,

  • 202 or 27.4 percent by the bilateral donors supported programs,

  • 186 or 25.2 percent by the UN agencies, and

  • 115 or 15.6 percent by the IFIs, ADB and EC.

TABLE 27:  NUMBER OF AND EXPENDITURE ON INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED

Donor category

Number of International Personnel Employed
No.               %

 Total Expenditure on International Personnel
(in US $ ‘000)

Expenditure on International Personnel as % of Total Program Expenditure
(in US $ ‘000)

Average cost per person
(in US dollars)

Multilateral Donors

  • UN Agencies

  • IFIs, ADB, and EC

301          40.8%

186          25.2%
115          15.6%

  16,920

  9,586
  7,334

13.1%

12.2%
14.5%

56,213

51,538
63,774

Bilateral Donors

202          27.4%

 10,971

15.8%

54,312

NGOs

235          31.8%

5,974

8.9%

25,421

TOTAL

738        100.0%

33,865

12.7%

45,888

132.   The total expenditure on the international personnel employed totaled just under 33.9 million US dollars, representing 12.7 percent of total program expenditure. The bilateral donors spent the highest proportion, 15.8 percent, of program resources on employing international personnel, followed by IFIs, ADB and EC (14.5 percent), and the UN agencies (12.2 percent). The NGOs spent the lowest proportion, 8.9 percent. The NGOs also had the lowest average per person costs and the IFIs, ADB and EC the highest costs, if the duration of employment of the international personnel is not taken into account. Among the multilateral and bilateral donors, there are some differences in the duration of employment of international personnel. The IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs employed a smaller proportion of international personnel for 10-12 months, 42.6 percent, compared to bilateral donors, 55.0 percent (Table 28). The bilaterally supported programs employed a smaller proportion for less than 3 months, 23.8 percent, compared to either IFIs, ADB & EC supported programs (27.0 percent) or the UN agencies (32.2 percent). Some of the variation in the average cost per person of employing the international personnel may be attributable to these factors.

TABLE 28: NUMBER OF INT'L PERSONNEL EMPLOYED BY DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT

DONOR CATEGORY

1-3
 Month
No.        %

4-6
Month
No.        %

7-9
 Month
No.        %

10-12
Month
No.        %

Not
Reported
No.        %

TOTAL
No.        %

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

91      30.2%
60      32.2%
31      27.0%

21        7.0%
10        5.4%
11        9.6%

23        7.6%
16        8.6%
 7         6.1%

146    48.5%
  97    52.2%
  49    42.6%

  20      6.6%
   3      1.6%
  17    14.8%

301  100.0%
186  100.0%
115  100.0%

Bilateral Donors

48      23.8%

32      15.7%

  1        0.5%

111    55.0%

  10     5.0%

202  100.0%

NGOs

42      17.9%

15        6.4%

  5        2.1%

173    73.6%

    0

235  100.0%

Total

181    24.5%

68        9.2%

29        3.9%

430    58.3%

  30      4.1%

738  100.0%

133.   A higher proportion of IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs, 84.2 percent, employ international personnel to implement their programs than either the NGOs (76.6 percent), the UN agencies (71.6 percent) or the bilateral donors supported programs/projects (63.9 percent) (Table 29). Close to two-thirds of the IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs spent more than 100,000 US dollars on international personnel as compared to around one-third by programs/projects supported by the UN agencies or the bilateral donors and less than one-quarter of the NGOs.

TABLE 29:  RANGE OF EXPENDITURE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF  INT'L PERSONNEL

Range of Expenditure

Number and Percent of Donor Projects Employing International Personnel

UN
Agencies

No. of
projects
        %

IFIs, ADB
& EC

No. of
projects
       %

Bilateral
Donors

No. of
projects
       %

NGOs
 

No. of
NGOs
            %

TOTAL
 

No. of Projects
or NGOs
     %

Less than 10,000 USD

10,000 – 50,000 USD 

50,001-100,000 USD

More than 100,000 USD

Not reported

    5            7.5%

  12          17.9%

    6            9.0%

  25          37.3% 

    0            …

    0                … 

    0                …

    4          21.1%

  12         63.2%

    0           ….

     2           3.3%

     5           8.2%

   10         16.4%

   22         36.1%

    0             ….

    5            6.5%

  17          22.1%

  14          18.2%

  18          23.4%

    5            6.5%

   12           5.4%

   34         15.2%

   34         15.2%

   77         34.4%

    5           2.2%

Number of Projects Or NGOs That Employed International Personnel

  48          71.6%

  16         84.2%

  39          63.9%

  59          76.6%

 162         72.3%

Number of Projects or NGOs That Did Not Employ Int’l Personnel

  19         28.4%

   3         15.8%

  22          36.1%

 18           23.4%

  62          27.7%

Total Number of Responses to CBP Survey

  67        100.0%

  19        100.0%

  61        100.0%

 77         100.0%

224        100.0%


Figure 19: Percent of Programs that Employed International Personnel

134.   Overall, a higher proportion of programs/projects delivered by the UN agencies and NGOs employed a smaller number of international personnel to support the implementation of a program than a program or project supported by the IFIs, ADB and EC or the bilateral donors. Over 27 percent of NGOs and just under 24 percent of the UN agencies delivered programs employing only one international staff. Another one-third of all donors supported programs/projects employed between 2 and 5 international personnel (Table 30). On IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs/projects, 42.1 percent employed more than 5 international staff as compared to 14.7 percent of the programs in the case of bilateral donors, 13.0 percent in the case of NGOs, and 11.9 percent of programs or projects delivered by UN agencies. 

TABLE 30: NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED TO SUPPORT
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROGRAM/PROJECT  

Number of International Personnel Employed

Number and Percent of Donor Projects Employing International Personnel

UN
Agencies

No. of
projects
          %

IFIs, ADB,
& EC

No. of
projects
       %

Bilateral
Donors

No. of
projects
         %

NGOs
 

No. of
NGOs
          %

TOTAL
 

No. of projects
or NGOs
      %

1 Person
Between 2-5 persons
Between 6-10 persons
Between 11-25 persons
Between 26-50 persons
More than 50 persons
No. of Persons Employed Not reported

16            23.9%
23
            34.3%
7
              10.4%
0
              ….
1
 
              1.5%
0
              ….

               1.5%

2        10.5%
6        31.6%
5
       26.3%
2
       10.5%
1  
      5.3%
0          ….

0          ….

     8     13.1%
   20     32.8%
     8     13.1%
     1       1.6%
     0  
     ….
     0        ….

     2       3.3%

 21       27.3%
 28       36.4%
  6         7.8%
  4         5.2%
   0           ….
   0           ….

   0           ….

 47       21.0%
 77       34.4%
 26       11.6%  
   7         3.1%
   2         0.9%
   0          …

   0          …

No. of Projects or NGOs That Employed Int’l Personnel

 48       71.6%

  16      84.2%

   39     63.9%

 59       76.6%

162      72.3%

Total Number of Responses to CBP Survey

 67     100.0%

  19    100.0%

   61   100.0%

 77     100.0%

224    100.0%

135.   What role do the international personnel play in the implementation of the donor supported programs? The survey data shows that around half are employed as technical advisors, experts or specialists (Table 31). The bilateral donors and IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs employed a higher proportion of these personnel, 57.4 and 54.8 percent respectively, than the UN agencies delivered programs, 37.6 percent. The next major category is the consultants that make up over one-quarter of international personnel employed in 2002. The bilateral donors and UN agencies supported programs make much more extensive use of consultants (31.7 percent and 30.6 percent of the international personnel employed, respectively) than the IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs (11.3 percent).  Around 8 percent of the international personnel were employed as Program or Project Director, Manager, or Coordinator. There were only minor differences in the proportion of international personnel employed as Program Director/Manager/Coordinator among donor categories.

136.   In addition to the highly paid foreign experts some projects benefit from the support of volunteers, either young professionals or retired professionals. These volunteers receive a compensation that is more modest than the international experts. The data reported by the multilateral and bilateral partners on volunteers appears to be incomplete. From the survey

TABLE 31: NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED BY DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND ROLE IN THE PROGRAM

International Personnel’s Role in the Program

Donor Category

Duration of Employment in Months

1-3

4-6

7-9

10-12

Not Reported

TOTAL
No.            %
1

Program/Project Director/Manager/ Coordinator

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

3
2
1

1
0
1

2
0
2

15
11
4

2
0
2

    23         7.6%
    13         7.0%
    10         8.7%

Bilateral

5

1

0

11

0

  17        8.4%

Total

8

2

2

26

2

  40        8.0%

 

Technical Advisor/Expert/Specialist

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

38
14
24

11
5
6

10
6
4

71
42
29

3
3
0

133      44.2%
    70      37.6%
    63      54.8%

Bilateral

33

24

1

58

0

116       57.4%

Total

71

35

11

129

3

249        49.5%

Consultant

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

43
39
4

3
1
2

10
9
1

14
8
6

0
0
0

  70       23.2%
    57       30.6%
    13        11.3%

Bilateral

9

7

0

38

10

  64        31.7%

Total

52

10

10

52

10

134        26.6%

Project officer/technical Officer

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

3
3
0

4
4
0

0
0
0

19
16
3

0
0
0

  26         8.6%
    23        12.4%
     3          2.6%

Bilateral

0

0

0

0

0

   0            ….

Total

3

4

0

19

0

  26         5.2%

Technical Assistant

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

0
0
0

1
0
1

1
1
0

6
4
2

0
0
0

   8          2.7%
     5          2.7%
     3          2.6%

Bilateral

0

0

0

0

0

  0             …

Total

0

1

1

6

0

  8          1.6%

Other

Multilaterals: Total
- UN Agencies
- IFIs, ADB & EC

4
2
2

1
0
1

0
0
0

21
16
  5

15
0
15

 41        13.6%
   18          9.7%
   23         20.0%

Bilateral

1

0

0

4

0

   5          2.5%

Total

5

1

0

25

15

 46           9.1%

TOTAL

Multilaterals: Total
                            %
- UN Agencies       #
                            %
- IFIs, ADB & EC   #
                            %

91
30.2%
60
32.3%
31
27.0%

21
7.0%
10
5.4%
11
9.6%

23
7.6%
16
8.6%
7
6.1%

146
48.5%
97
52.2%
49
42.6%

20
6.6%
3
1.6%
17
14.8%

301       100.0%
100.0%
  186       100.0%
100.0%
  115       100.0%
100.0%

Bilateral                 #
                            %

48
23.8%

32
15.7%

1
0.5%

111
55.0%

10
5.0%

202      100.0%
100.0%

Total                    #
                            %

139
27.6%

53
10.5%

24
4.8%

257
51.1%

30
6.0%

503      100.0%
100.0%

1   Percent within donor category, e.g., 7.6 percent of personnel employed on all multilateral donor programs were employed as Program/Project Director/Manager/Coordinator.

on NGOs it appears that there are a great number of volunteers active in NGO projects, many funded by bilateral donors, some "self-funded".

 
   

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