CDC - CBP - 4.6. INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED

4.6. INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED

4.6.1 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

130. A total of 738 international personnel were employed in 2002 by 103 out of 147 programs/projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors and by 59 out of 77 NGOs that have provided data in response to the CBP Survey (Table 27). It is notable that a total of 62 out of 224 projects/programs (28 per cent) reported not having any international staff (see table 29).

131. Of the 738 international personnel employed:

235 or 31.8 percent were employed by NGOs,
202 or 27.4 percent by the bilateral donors supported programs,
186 or 25.2 percent by the UN agencies, and
115 or 15.6 percent by the IFIs, ADB and EC.

TABLE 27: NUMBER OF AND EXPENDITURE ON INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED

Donor category	Number of International Personnel Employed No. %	Total Expenditure on International Personnel (in US $ ‘000)	Expenditure on International Personnel as % of Total Program Expenditure (in US $ ‘000)	Average cost per person (in US dollars)
Multilateral Donors UN Agencies IFIs, ADB, and EC	301 40.8% 186 25.2% 115 15.6%	16,920 9,586 7,334	13.1% 12.2% 14.5%	56,213 51,538 63,774
Bilateral Donors	202 27.4%	10,971	15.8%	54,312
NGOs	235 31.8%	5,974	8.9%	25,421
TOTAL	738 100.0%	33,865	12.7%	45,888

132. The total expenditure on the international personnel employed totaled just under 33.9 million US dollars, representing 12.7 percent of total program expenditure. The bilateral donors spent the highest proportion, 15.8 percent, of program resources on employing international personnel, followed by IFIs, ADB and EC (14.5 percent), and the UN agencies (12.2 percent). The NGOs spent the lowest proportion, 8.9 percent. The NGOs also had the lowest average per person costs and the IFIs, ADB and EC the highest costs, if the duration of employment of the international personnel is not taken into account. Among the multilateral and bilateral donors, there are some differences in the duration of employment of international personnel. The IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs employed a smaller proportion of international personnel for 10-12 months, 42.6 percent, compared to bilateral donors, 55.0 percent (Table 28). The bilaterally supported programs employed a smaller proportion for less than 3 months, 23.8 percent, compared to either IFIs, ADB & EC supported programs (27.0 percent) or the UN agencies (32.2 percent). Some of the variation in the average cost per person of employing the international personnel may be attributable to these factors.

TABLE 28: NUMBER OF INT'L PERSONNEL EMPLOYED BY DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT

DONOR CATEGORY	1-3 Month No. %	4-6 Month No. %	7-9 Month No. %	10-12 Month No. %	Not Reported No. %	TOTAL No. %
Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	91 30.2% 60 32.2% 31 27.0%	21 7.0% 10 5.4% 11 9.6%	23 7.6% 16 8.6% 7 6.1%	146 48.5% 97 52.2% 49 42.6%	20 6.6% 3 1.6% 17 14.8%	301 100.0% 186 100.0% 115 100.0%
Bilateral Donors	48 23.8%	32 15.7%	1 0.5%	111 55.0%	10 5.0%	202 100.0%
NGOs	42 17.9%	15 6.4%	5 2.1%	173 73.6%	0	235 100.0%
Total	181 24.5%	68 9.2%	29 3.9%	430 58.3%	30 4.1%	738 100.0%

133. A higher proportion of IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs, 84.2 percent, employ international personnel to implement their programs than either the NGOs (76.6 percent), the UN agencies (71.6 percent) or the bilateral donors supported programs/projects (63.9 percent) (Table 29). Close to two-thirds of the IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs spent more than 100,000 US dollars on international personnel as compared to around one-third by programs/projects supported by the UN agencies or the bilateral donors and less than one-quarter of the NGOs.

TABLE 29: RANGE OF EXPENDITURE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF INT'L PERSONNEL

Range of Expenditure	Number and Percent of Donor Projects Employing International Personnel
Range of Expenditure	UN Agencies No. of projects %	IFIs, ADB & EC No. of projects %	Bilateral Donors No. of projects %	NGOs No. of NGOs %	TOTAL No. of Projects or NGOs %
Less than 10,000 USD 10,000 – 50,000 USD 50,001-100,000 USD More than 100,000 USD Not reported	5 7.5% 12 17.9% 6 9.0% 25 37.3% 0 …	0 … 0 … 4 21.1% 12 63.2% 0 ….	2 3.3% 5 8.2% 10 16.4% 22 36.1% 0 ….	5 6.5% 17 22.1% 14 18.2% 18 23.4% 5 6.5%	12 5.4% 34 15.2% 34 15.2% 77 34.4% 5 2.2%
Number of Projects Or NGOs That Employed International Personnel	48 71.6%	16 84.2%	39 63.9%	59 76.6%	162 72.3%
Number of Projects or NGOs That Did Not Employ Int’l Personnel	19 28.4%	3 15.8%	22 36.1%	18 23.4%	62 27.7%
Total Number of Responses to CBP Survey	67 100.0%	19 100.0%	61 100.0%	77 100.0%	224 100.0%

Figure 19: Percent of Programs that Employed International Personnel

134. Overall, a higher proportion of programs/projects delivered by the UN agencies and NGOs employed a smaller number of international personnel to support the implementation of a program than a program or project supported by the IFIs, ADB and EC or the bilateral donors. Over 27 percent of NGOs and just under 24 percent of the UN agencies delivered programs employing only one international staff. Another one-third of all donors supported programs/projects employed between 2 and 5 international personnel (Table 30). On IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs/projects, 42.1 percent employed more than 5 international staff as compared to 14.7 percent of the programs in the case of bilateral donors, 13.0 percent in the case of NGOs, and 11.9 percent of programs or projects delivered by UN agencies.

TABLE 30: NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED TO SUPPORT
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROGRAM/PROJECT

Number of International Personnel Employed	Number and Percent of Donor Projects Employing International Personnel
Number of International Personnel Employed	UN Agencies No. of projects %	IFIs, ADB, & EC No. of projects %	Bilateral Donors No. of projects %	NGOs No. of NGOs %	TOTAL No. of projects or NGOs %
1 Person Between 2-5 persons Between 6-10 persons Between 11-25 persons Between 26-50 persons More than 50 persons No. of Persons Employed Not reported	16 23.9% 23 34.3% 7 10.4% 0 …. 1 1.5% 0 …. 1 1.5%	2 10.5% 6 31.6% 5 26.3% 2 10.5% 1 5.3% 0 …. 0 ….	8 13.1% 20 32.8% 8 13.1% 1 1.6% 0 …. 0 …. 2 3.3%	21 27.3% 28 36.4% 6 7.8% 4 5.2% 0 …. 0 …. 0 ….	47 21.0% 77 34.4% 26 11.6% 7 3.1% 2 0.9% 0 … 0 …
No. of Projects or NGOs That Employed Int’l Personnel	48 71.6%	16 84.2%	39 63.9%	59 76.6%	162 72.3%
Total Number of Responses to CBP Survey	67 100.0%	19 100.0%	61 100.0%	77 100.0%	224 100.0%

135. What role do the international personnel play in the implementation of the donor supported programs? The survey data shows that around half are employed as technical advisors, experts or specialists (Table 31). The bilateral donors and IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs employed a higher proportion of these personnel, 57.4 and 54.8 percent respectively, than the UN agencies delivered programs, 37.6 percent. The next major category is the consultants that make up over one-quarter of international personnel employed in 2002. The bilateral donors and UN agencies supported programs make much more extensive use of consultants (31.7 percent and 30.6 percent of the international personnel employed, respectively) than the IFIs, ADB and EC supported programs (11.3 percent). Around 8 percent of the international personnel were employed as Program or Project Director, Manager, or Coordinator. There were only minor differences in the proportion of international personnel employed as Program Director/Manager/Coordinator among donor categories.

136. In addition to the highly paid foreign experts some projects benefit from the support of volunteers, either young professionals or retired professionals. These volunteers receive a compensation that is more modest than the international experts. The data reported by the multilateral and bilateral partners on volunteers appears to be incomplete. From the survey

TABLE 31: NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONNEL EMPLOYED BY DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND ROLE IN THE PROGRAM

International Personnel’s Role in the Program	Donor Category	Duration of Employment in Months
International Personnel’s Role in the Program	Donor Category	1-3	4-6	7-9	10-12	Not Reported	TOTAL No. %¹
Program/Project Director/Manager/ Coordinator	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	3 2 1	1 0 1	2 0 2	15 11 4	2 0 2	23 7.6% 13 7.0% 10 8.7%
	Bilateral	5	1	0	11	0	17 8.4%
	Total	8	2	2	26	2	40 8.0%
Technical Advisor/Expert/Specialist	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	38 14 24	11 5 6	10 6 4	71 42 29	3 3 0	133 44.2% 70 37.6% 63 54.8%
	Bilateral	33	24	1	58	0	116 57.4%
	Total	71	35	11	129	3	249 49.5%
Consultant	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	43 39 4	3 1 2	10 9 1	14 8 6	0 0 0	70 23.2% 57 30.6% 13 11.3%
	Bilateral	9	7	0	38	10	64 31.7%
	Total	52	10	10	52	10	134 26.6%
Project officer/technical Officer	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	3 3 0	4 4 0	0 0 0	19 16 3	0 0 0	26 8.6% 23 12.4% 3 2.6%
	Bilateral	0	0	0	0	0	0 ….
	Total	3	4	0	19	0	26 5.2%
Technical Assistant	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	0 0 0	1 0 1	1 1 0	6 4 2	0 0 0	8 2.7% 5 2.7% 3 2.6%
	Bilateral	0	0	0	0	0	0 …
	Total	0	1	1	6	0	8 1.6%
Other	Multilaterals: Total - UN Agencies - IFIs, ADB & EC	4 2 2	1 0 1	0 0 0	21 16 5	15 0 15	41 13.6% 18 9.7% 23 20.0%
	Bilateral	1	0	0	4	0	5 2.5%
	Total	5	1	0	25	15	46 9.1%
TOTAL	Multilaterals: Total % - UN Agencies # % - IFIs, ADB & EC # %	91 30.2% 60 32.3% 31 27.0%	21 7.0% 10 5.4% 11 9.6%	23 7.6% 16 8.6% 7 6.1%	146 48.5% 97 52.2% 49 42.6%	20 6.6% 3 1.6% 17 14.8%	301 100.0% 100.0% 186 100.0% 100.0% 115 100.0% 100.0%
	Bilateral # %	48 23.8%	32 15.7%	1 0.5%	111 55.0%	10 5.0%	202 100.0% 100.0%
	Total # %	139 27.6%	53 10.5%	24 4.8%	257 51.1%	30 6.0%	503 100.0% 100.0%

¹ Percent within donor category, e.g., 7.6 percent of personnel employed on all multilateral donor programs were employed as Program/Project Director/Manager/Coordinator.

on NGOs it appears that there are a great number of volunteers active in NGO projects, many funded by bilateral donors, some "self-funded".

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