1992-2003

45. The composition in terms of type and terms of assistance of the total ODA that has been reported to have been delivered to Cambodia by its development partners since 1992, around 5.2 billion US dollars,  was as follows (Table 7):

• 2,068.4 million US dollars or 39.8 percent of total ODA was provided as “free-standing technical cooperation”, nearly all of it as grants.

• 1,697.1 million US dollars or 32.7 percent of ODA was “investment project assistance”. Nearly 42 percent of this type of assistance was provided as loans.

• 631 million US dollars or 12.2 percent of ODA since 1992 was provided as “food aid, emergency and relief assistance”, all of it as grants.

• 481.1 million US dollars or 9.3 percent was provided as “budgetary aid/balance of payments support”. Over two-thirds of this assistance was in the form of loans and less than one-third as grants.

• 314.2 million US dollars or 6.0 percent of ODA was provided as “investment-related technical cooperation”, a small proportion of which, 11.7 percent, was as loans and the rest as grants.

46. Over the period of 1992-2003, the composition of ODA by "type of assistance" has changed significantly. The share of "free-standing technical cooperation" has steadily increased from 20.5 percent of total ODA received in 1992 and 1993, to 40.2 percent in the 1994-98 period, and 44.1 percent during 1999-2003 (Table 7). The share of "investment project assistance" in total ODA has steadily increased from 17.5 percent in 1992 and 1993, to 34.2 percent over 1994-98, and 34.9 percent of total ODA during 1999-2003. It should be noted, however, that a larger share of this type of assistance was financed through loans during 1999 - 2003 than during the period of 1994 -1998.
 

TABLE 7:  DISBURSEMENTS BY TYPE AND TERMS OF ASSISTANCE: 1992 - 2003
 (in  millions of US Dollars)


47. The two categories – “free-standing technical cooperation” and “investment project assistance” – continue to be the two major areas of support accounting for 72.5 percent of total ODA disbursed over the period of 1992-2003. Between these two categories, “investment project assistance” has exceeded “free-standing technical cooperation” only in two years - 1994 and 2001. It is worth noting that while “free-standing technical cooperation” is by and large composed of grants, the “investment project assistance” consists of both loans and grants. The detailed data on ODA disbursements by type and terms of assistance and by year for the period of 1992-2003 is presented in Annex IV.

1999-2003

48. During the second mandate of the Royal Government, 1999-2003, a total of 2,415.1 million US dollars have been reported to have been disbursed by Cambodia's development partners (Table 8). Over this period, ODA provided as Free-Standing Technical Cooperation constituted the largest component, 44.1 percent, of total assistance. All of this type of assistance has been as grants. There are significant year to year fluctuations in the proportion of this type of assistance in the data reported by development partners. In 1999, this type of assistance represented around half of all ODA. The proportion declined from 44.9 percent in 2000 to 37.3 percent of ODA in 2001. In 2002 and 2003, it has increased to 42.9 percent and 46.1 percent of total ODA, respectively. It should be noted, however, that the size of this type of assistance as well as some of these fluctuation may be due to misclassification of the activities reported as Free-Standing Technical Cooperation.

49. ODA disbursed as Investment-Related Technical Cooperation was the smallest among all types of assistance (Table 8). Over the period of 1999-2003, this type of assistance accounted for only 6.2 percent of total ODA. Although ODA provided for this type of assistance as grants has remained fairly stable at around 5 percent of total ODA there are wide fluctuations in the amount of ODA disbursed as loans. In 1999, 2000, and 2001 all ODA for this type of assistance was as grants. In 2002, only half of this type of assistance was as grants and the other half was loans. In 2003, around one-fourth of the assistance for Investment-Related Technical Cooperation was provided as loans.

TABLE 8:  DISBURSEMENTS BY TYPE AND TERMS OF ASSISTANCE: 1999-2003
 (in millions of US Dollars)

50. ODA disbursed as Investment Project Assistance is the second largest component, 34.9 percent, of ODA received by Cambodia during 1999-2003. Together with Free-Standing Technical Cooperation these two types of assistance constituted 79.0 percent of total ODA received during 1999-2003. Over the last five years, investment project assistance increased from 114.5 million US dollars in 1999 accounting for 28.6 percent of ODA to 202.9 million representing 37.2 percent of ODA received in 2003. Most of the increase in investment project assistance in recent years is attributable to an increase in the loans component of ODA.  In 1999, loans accounted for only 55.6 million of the 114.5 million US dollars disbursed for this type of assistance. In 2003, the loans component had increased to 130.1 million out of 202.9 million US dollars.

51. The level of ODA disbursed as Budgetary Aid/Balance Payments Support had fluctuated between 35 and 46 million US dollars between 1999 and 2002. In 2003, it declined to 30.7 million US dollars. Over the last five years there has been a steady shift in the composition in terms of loans and grants for this type of assistance. In 1999, grants accounted for 24.4 million out of 35.9 million US dollars. In 2003, grants amounted to only 2.8 million out of 30.7 million US dollars.

52. ODA disbursements for Food Aid, Emergency and Relief Assistance accounted for 7 percent of total ODA received over the last five years. As should be expected the amount disbursed has fluctuated over the last five years from a low of 25 million US dollars in 2002 to a high of 54 million US dollars in 2000 when severe floods had occurred.

53. Information on the contributions of major donors to different types of assistance in the years 2002 and 2003 is summarized below:

• Free-Standing Technical Cooperation: Disbursements for this type of assistance in 2003 totaled US$ 251.6 million as compared to 227.6 million in 2002. The five largest donors who provided this type of assistance in either 2002 or 2003 were as follows: Japan, France, United States, European Commission, UN Agencies, and Australia. The NGOs disbursed US$ 45.6 million of their own resources in 2002 and US$ 47.2 million in 2003.
   

• Investment-Related Technical Cooperation: Disbursements for this type of assistance declined significantly in 2003 to US$ 34 million from 47.8 million in 2002. The five major donors in either 2002 or 2003 have included: Republic of Korea, European Commission, Germany, Japan, China, and Australia.  
   

• Investment Project Assistance: increased in the year 2003 to US$ 202.9 million from US$ 191.1 million in 2002. In either 2002 or 2003, the five major donors included: Asian Development Bank, Japan, World Bank, United States, and the UN Agencies.
   

• Budgetary Aid/Balance of Payments Support: Disbursements for this type of assistance declined in 2003 to US$ 30.7 million from US$ 39.4 million in 2002. The two main sources of this type of assistance are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) providing support through its Poverty Reduction Growth Facility (balance of payments support facility) for Cambodia and the World Bank that provide this assistance under the Structural Adjustment Credit (SAC). In either 2002 or 2003, the significant contributors were: IMF, Japan, Canada, Belgium, World Bank, and Sweden.
   

• Food Aid and Humanitarian/Emergency Relief Assistance:  In both 2002 and 2003 the disbursements were about 25 million US$. The UN Agency, World Food Programme (WFP), was the largest providers of food aid for rehabilitation and disaster preparedness in both 2002 and 2003. In either 2002 or 2003, the major contributors for this type of assistance were: UN Agencies, Australia, Sweden and Belgium.